1. Cutting: This includes laser, plasma, or water jet cutting, which is used to cut out specific shapes or patterns from a material such as metal or plastic.

2. Welding: This process involves joining two or more pieces of metal or other materials through the application of heat and pressure.

3. Drilling: This involves the use of a drill to create holes in a material.

4. Routing: This involves the use of a router or milling machine to create intricate shapes or patterns in a material.

5. Engraving: This involves the use of a laser or other tool to etch designs or text onto a material.

6. Sanding or polishing: This involves using abrasives to smooth or polish a material, usually after it has been cut or shaped.